KEY POINTS

• Nigeria’s foreign policy prioritizes African unity, fostering regional peace through its leadership in ECOWAS and contributions to resolving conflicts in Liberia and Sierra Leone.
• Non-alignment allows Nigeria to build strategic partnerships with global powers like the U.S. and China while preserving independence in international relations.
• Economic diversification and diaspora engagement are key to addressing challenges, boosting Nigeria’s global standing, and driving sustainable development.

Since gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria’s foreign policy has evolved significantly, driven by its pursuit of African unity, independence, and global relevance.

In its early years, Nigeria was instrumental in the formation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), now the African Union (AU), reflecting its commitment to fostering solidarity among African nations. 

This foundational principle of Pan-Africanism was rooted in the desire to support decolonization efforts across the continent, particularly in Southern Africa.

During the Cold War era, Nigeria adopted a non-aligned stance, carefully navigating the global dichotomy between Western and Eastern blocs. 

This policy enabled the country to maintain beneficial relationships with both sides while emphasizing its sovereignty and independence in global affairs.

Nigeria’s leadership in peace efforts, such as its condemnation of apartheid in South Africa and support for liberation movements, further underscored its commitment to justice and equality on the international stage.

Key principles

Nigeria’s foreign policy has consistently been underpinned by three key principles: African unity and independence, non-alignment, and regional economic cooperation.

As a champion of African unity, Nigeria has played a pivotal role in fostering cooperation through institutions like the African Union.

The country has leveraged its influence to mediate conflicts, promote peace, and advocate for economic integration across the continent.

Non-alignment remains a cornerstone of Nigeria’s foreign relations, enabling it to remain independent of the influence of major global powers.

This approach has provided Nigeria the flexibility to build partnerships based on mutual interests, especially with emerging economies and key global players.

Nigeria’s leadership in establishing the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) highlights its dedication to regional economic cooperation.

Through ECOWAS, Nigeria has worked to advance free trade, integration, and development across West Africa, reinforcing its role as a regional economic hub and power broker.

Global standing

Nigeria’s status as a regional power is well-established, underpinned by its significant economic and military influence in West Africa.

As Africa’s most populous country and largest economy, Nigeria plays a central role in shaping regional policies and addressing pressing challenges.

Its active participation in international organizations such as the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the African Union reinforces its global presence.

On the bilateral front, Nigeria maintains strategic partnerships with major economies, including the United States, China, and the United Kingdom.

These relationships are essential for fostering trade, security cooperation, and cultural exchanges. Nigeria’s role in global peacekeeping efforts, particularly its contributions to United Nations and ECOWAS missions, further solidifies its reputation as a key player in global security.

Challenges and opportunities

Nigeria’s foreign policy faces several challenges, including economic development, security concerns, and the need for deeper regional integration.

While the country has made strides in diversifying its economy, reducing dependence on oil exports remains a critical priority. Addressing security threats such as the Boko Haram insurgency and piracy in the Gulf of Guinea is essential for sustaining national and regional stability.

However, Nigeria also has significant opportunities. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) presents a platform for Nigeria to drive regional integration and enhance trade within Africa.

Furthermore, Nigeria’s dynamic diaspora provides a vital resource for fostering international partnerships and economic investments.

Nigeria’s active role in ECOWAS peacekeeping missions exemplifies its commitment to regional stability. For instance, its military contributions to Liberia and Sierra Leone during their civil wars were critical in restoring peace and fostering post-conflict recovery. These efforts underscore Nigeria’s leadership in addressing regional crises.

The country’s engagement with its diaspora through initiatives like the 4Ds Foreign Policy Sensitization Tour demonstrates its recognition of the diaspora as a strategic asset. By fostering collaboration with Nigerians abroad, the country aims to harness their expertise, resources, and networks to support national development.

Nigeria remains a powerhouse in Africa, with a GDP of approximately $248 billion and a population of over 213 million as of 2022. Its economic and demographic size positions it as a key player in both regional and global affairs.

Nigeria’s foreign policy reflects its ambition to champion African unity, maintain non-alignment, and drive regional integration.

Despite facing challenges, the country’s leadership in ECOWAS, commitment to peacekeeping, and strategic global partnerships position it as a significant actor in shaping the future of Africa and its global standing.